The Electoral College Versus a Direct Election System Essay -- Politic

The Electoral College Versus a Direct Election System â€Å"The Electors shall meet in their respective states, and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President†¦they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President and in distinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President† (Findlaw.com). The Twelfth Amendment set forth the rules and regulations for which the Office of President shall be determined. The founding fathers, in the second constitutional convention, laid the grounds on which setup what would be the Electoral College. Adoption of the Electoral College plan came late in the Convention, which had previously adopted on four occasions provisions for election of the executive by the Congress and had twice defeated proposals for election by the people directly. So why not conduct a direct election, by the people? After all, the President was to serve the people. There were four main reasons why the delegates of the Second Constitutional Convention wanted an electoral system. For one, a census as a prelude to the first election could not be taken. The first election served more as an appointment. There was not time for delegates to go back home, while under this newly formed Constitution, and search for delegates. Who would serve to defend the Constitution while this happened? The delegates knew this before hand. The states had a wide variety of suffrage requirements. If electors were to be chosen on the basis of population, should slaves count as a property, or under population? Even though they held large populations, the larger states rejected the idea of a popular vote. Virginia, one of the largest states of the time, had a population of 748,000. Of those, 306,000 were slaves, whic... ...cedure, until a 3/5ths of the states decide against it. Even the Founders themselves once supported a direct election process, but as they researched the outcome of such a system, the repercussions and consequences outweighed the chance to be a true democracy. Even so in 2000, the Electoral College has seen action for 200 years, and it will continue standing in lieu of public scrutiny, and even dimpled chads. Works Cited Census.gov. Visited Dec 5. http://www.census.gov/. Ferrand, Max, ed., Records of the Federal Convention. New Haven, 1911. 2:584 Findlaw.com. Visited Dec 6. http://www.findlaw.com/ James Madison to Henry Lee. 14 Jan. 1825, Records, ed. by Max Ferrand, 3:464. Kuroda, Tadahisa. The Origins of the Twelfth Amendment. Greenwood. 1994. Wood, Gordon. Creation of the American Republic 1776-1787. Chapel Hill 1969.

10 trends for the next ten years Essay

The article discussed the 10 trends of Logistics management for the next 10 years which affecting Supply Chain. Basically, which is said in the article, the logistics management should become more integrated, technology supported, and talented needed. They also did a survey for the executive group to rank the relevance between the 10 trends and business operation. The executive group ranked the service chain, product clockspeeds, and micro segment as the highest relevance category, which is not surprising to me. More and more consumer is considering service as important, thus the company should not only provide great product, but also offer an optimal service to satisfy the customers. An effective service chain ensures that the company stays in a competitive position. Moreover, clockspeed has great impact on supply chain performance. A company with fast clockspeed supply chain will have a competitive advantage in the market. Besides, a company really should know who the target market is and what the target segment wants from them. As long as the company knows exactly who the micro segmentation is, they can be very successful to satisfy the customers’ needs. The purpose of this article is to show the 10 trends which will influence supply chain management for the next 10 years and the accuracy of the forecast trends. In other words, it demonstrates that what will be improved in supply chain and makes the supply chain much more efficiency than ever before. The ten trends are very inspiring and will definitely change the supply chain management for the next decade. According to the article, there is fierce competition behind the scene. The company should be never satisfied with their performance; otherwise the company will be substituted by any of its competitors. Basically, my career path is a work related to supply chain management and marketing in fashion appeal industry. I want to figure out a better way to distribute the product to the whole world at the same time so that people  from all over the world can enjoy the most fashionable outfits. According to the article, the ten trends will definitely influence my career path to some extent. Firstly, when service chain become more important than product chain, my career goal will be changed from delivering the product on time to satisfying the customers both in pre- and post-sales. With my marketing major background, I will focus on customer relationship management to improve the service level. Besides, I totally agree with the trend that knowledge work and worker will become global in nature. Globalization is already formed for many years, and it is not surprising that logistics management goes with this trend. I will get my Logistics Bachelor’s degree in the U.S. and then go back to my hometown to find job. To some degree, I am one of the people who get professional training in the U.S. and work at another country. In addition, the trend 5 mentioned in the article said that supply chain management will have a standard certification process similar to that for CPA. A standard certificate is necessary when a field of work has been well developed. More and more people will get to work in supply chain management; therefore, the people who have â€Å"SCM certification† will be more competitive in the market. I should never stop acquiring knowledge of supply chain management in order to get the standard certification. Furthermore, we learned that segmentation and targeting, which helps company know who the customer exactly is and what to sell to those customer, are very important parts of marketing. Like segmentation in marketing, micro segmentation in logistics will be key to success. As long as we know what the customer really wants, we can create the product that can fulfill the needs of the customer. Technology, as well, will support a much more effective and cost saving supply chain. By using high technology, the company can better manage their inventory, customer orders, tracking and so forth. We future career will have to deal with technology every day based on the trends, and I am so excited about it because I cannot wait to see what the highly automatic supply chain looks like. I want to be the people who design the supply chain process and see how it will perform in the future. In conclusion, the ten trends for the next ten years will come true someday  in the near future. It brings in opportunities and challenges for both the company and the worker. As a logistics major student, I am so excited about the changes, and I realize that I have to take on more responsibility to make a difference for supply chain management. Bibliography Sengupta, S. (July, 2013). Ten trends for the next ten years. Logistics Management. www. Logisticsmgmt.com. Retrieved on August 27, 2013 from https://carmen.osu.edu/d2l/le/content/11141445/viewContent/5963256/View.

Market Concept Essay

Article from Karl Moore: Karl Moore is PHd associate professor in the Faculty of Management at McGill University was responsible for writing the article â€Å"The Marketing Concept- RIP† which was published July 17th, 2006. He discusses the decline and the increasing irrelevance of the marketing concept idea and how firms are adapting this strategy in today’s market. Moore emphasis on the following points: 1. Importance of market research before launching a product 2. The need to focus on the product’s usage by the end users 3. The difficulty firms face to implement the marketing concept strategy in today’s market place. The author uses the example of the high-tech sector and explains why he feels the marketing concept applied in this way is no longer relevant, then goes into detail about how it is not just limited to the high-tech sector. To understand Moore’s article you need to understand what marketing and the marketing concept it first. Marketing consists of individual and organizational activities that facilitate and expedite satisfying exchange relationships in a dynamic environment through the creation, distribution, promotion and pricing of goods, services and ideas. The main principles of marketing are to satisfy customers, target the â€Å"right’ customer, facilitate exchange relationships, stay ahead of competitors and enhance profitability (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 7). The ultimate goal is to satisfy targeted customers, seeking their loyalty and consumption. The marketing concept can be defined as the philosophy that firms should analyze the needs of their customers and then make decisions to satisfy those needs, better than the competition (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 17). In his opening paragraph Moore mentions that the marketing concept is â€Å"coming to a close† and heading towards a â€Å"semi-retirement†. I strongly disagree with this statement. Why? Since the marketing concept era many companies are now transitioning to the market orientation era (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 17). The focus of the market orientation era is mainly on continuously collecting information about customer needs and competitors’ capabilities and to use this information to create value, ensure customer satisfaction and develop customer relationships (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 7). Let us look at how Netflix took the Marketing concept in stride. Netflix involved the identification of the unmet or underserved customer needs. Reed Hastings, founder and creator of Netflix started off as a video rental customer himself, tired of paying late fees and having to run to the video store when he wanted to watch a movie, he decid ed to create something simpler and more convenient for customers (Dean. 2010). He was able to draw upon personal experience to help establish the opportunity nucleus and survey what other customers wanted out of a video store. The movie rental industry had already established methods surrounding video rental, late return policies, and membership rules. Hastings believed that without competition, these brick-and-mortar movie rental companies would never have a reason to change (Dean. 2010). Reed Hastings, decided to disrupt the traditional video rental business by introducing a new twist on the home movie service (Dean. 2010). A perfect example of advances in technology, adaptation of DVD media over VHS, and an unmet consumer demand is responsible for the successful launch of Hastings’ vision of Netflix. Not unlike other innovative start-up companies, Netflix has undergone several strategy shifts (Dean. 2010). Each change in focus or direction has assured that the company remains dominate in the movie rental industry. It appears that Hastings has followed the Marketing Concept to a tee, he started off with collection information from customer needs’ (his own) and the competitors capabilities (video rental companies were not in a position to change their rules and regulations) and he completed the circle by using customer knowledge to create customer satisfaction as Netflix still remains more popular than Blockbuster or Rogers Video. Moore goes into more detail about the high tech industry, giving the example of the Sony walkman and how the product was developed. He also explains that if Sony followed the Marketing concept theory in creating the walkman, it would have failed. He follows this explanation of the Sony walkman with the comment â€Å"with many high tech products you cannot get a very reliable data from current customers about the potential uses of your future products. † This statement is by far the most ludicrous statement thru out the entire article and makes absolutely no sense. The vast majority of high tech industries rely solely on how customers perceive new and future products. Look at the Apple IPods. Apple made sure they always stayed ahead of the game by releasing new hardware, software, or better and newer applications for the iPod (Taber. 2007). People love new and flashy products so this was a great way to sell a product. The iPod has become a fashion accessory and a must have. People salivate if there hear a new and more updated version of the iPod is coming out, they want a product that can hold more music and data. Why would they want a â€Å"dinosaur† iPod that only holds 1000 songs when they can get an iPod that holds 2000, takes videos, and has downloadable apps? In this sense, the iPod marketing concept strategy made sense because it consistently advanced Apple’s emerging goal of making the Mac the hub of a digital lifestyle (Taber. 2007). It also aligned with the company’s strategic goal of frequently releasing innovative new products in an effort to stay ahead of a curve of consumers who quickly get tired of old gadgets. As usual, it was a strategy that leveraged the benefits of existing technology, and it made sense from the point of view that it was consistent with what historically drove the company, is bringing products to people that were stylish and easy to use. So if Apple didn’t use the marketing concept strategy, it would have failed. The one paragraph in Moore’s article that I do agree with is when he mentions that a great deal of high tech industries do spend more time launching a new product then developing the product. Models of new product development prescribe critical stages that organizations should go through to have a successful product launch (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 262-271). Regardless of the model, critical phases include: product idea generation, idea screening, concept testing, and business analysis, marketing mix development, test marketing and commercialization (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 262-271). In theory, going through these stages systematically helps organizations weed out the potential failures. Customer focus is an integral component of the product development process that is often ignored. The need to incorporate the voice of the customer (adopt the marketing concept) at every phase is imbedded in these models of new product development, each phase contributing additional knowledge as to what customers want (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 263-264). Yet concept testing and test marketing are most often overlooked y new product development teams as they rush to get their product to market before the competition (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 259-260). Unfortunately, this can lead to fatal errors when customer expectations are extremely high – or when dealing with a sophisticated customer – as is the case for high tech products. An example of this was the Apple Newton; Apple pre-announced the Newton before it was ready. In terms of the product offering, it was neither a complete product nor a fully functional product (Hormby. 006). In the hurry to get to the market, Apple had not fully developed the handwriting recognition software, one of the featured attributes (Hormby. 2006). While innovators and early adopters are willing to take risks on new products, they do expect a minimal level of performance which the Apple Newton could not deliver. Moore also makes a valid statement in his end paragraph with respect for non-tech marketers have to know who their key customers will be and how the marketers should focus their research efforts. Customer focus, a core element of the marketing concept, is certainly a widely adopted buzzword today, one which is stressed in all introductory marketing texts. While the marketing concept applies to all industries, it is particularly important in technologically driven industries that have been among the first to introduce quality techniques, many of which begin with capturing the â€Å"voice of the customer†. (Crane, Kerin, Hartley, & Rudelius, 2008, p. 259). Look at how Apple launched its iPod back in 2001 to appeal to customers. When you watch the iPod commercials on television – what did you see? You see a bunch of people dancing on a colored background. There are women and men, but you don’t know anything else about them. This advertisement is ingenious for many reasons. For one, you don’t know where these people are. They could be anywhere in the world. Secondly, you don’t know who they are or what they do for a living. They can be anyone. All you know is that they are enjoying the music and rocking out. This is what makes that commercial so great and such an excellent idea. It allows anyone in the world to be that person. In conclusion, Moore is correct in his assumption that many high tech industries are in a rush to release their product before actually developing their product. However, it is very unrealistic of him to state that if companies follow the marketing concept they would be doomed to fail, he needs to look at many of the successes of the high tech market such as the Apple iPod or Netflix and how many non-tech industries can learn from Apple’s/Netflix marketing strategy. Although this article was written back in 2006, many advances of technology have taken place and it’s foolish to think that the marketing concept had nothing to do with this advancement. Refernces Crane, F. G. , Kerin, R. A. , Hartley, S. W. & Rudelius W. (2008). Marketing. (7th Canadian ed. ). Toronto, ON: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. Taber, David. (17 Sept. 2007 ). â€Å"The Taber Report on IPod Marketing. † The Taber Report. Retrieved April 25, 2011, from http://www. taberconsulting. com/download/dtr-35. htm. Weisbein, Jeff. 1 March. 2008). â€Å"The iPod Success: Thank the Marketing Department†. Retrieved May 5, 2011, from http://www. besttechie. net/2008/03/01/the-ipod-success-thank-the-marketing-department/. Hormby, Tom. (7 Feb. 2006). â€Å"The Story Behind Apple’s Newton†. Retrieved April 25th, 2011 from http://lowendmac. com/orchard/06/john-sculley-newton-origin. html. Dean, Gregory. (10 Nov. 2010). â€Å"Netflix: An Online Business Beyond Geniusà ¢â‚¬ . Retrieved May 15, 2011 from http://marketography. com/2010/11/10/online-business-beyond-genius/.

Balochistan Conflict - Essay

The movement gained momentum during the 1960s, and amid consistent political disorder, the government ordered a military operation into the region in 1973, assisted by Iran, and inflicted heavy casualties on the separatists. The movement was largely quelled after the imposition of martial law in 1977, after which Baluchistan witnessed significant development. After insurgency groups again mushroomed in the 1990s and 2000s, the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan and the war in North-West Pakistan exacerbated the conflict, most recently manifested in the killings of non-Baloch settlers in the province by separatists since 2006. Background:- 1. First conflict 1948 (led by Prince Abdul Karim Khan) In April 1948, Baloch nationalists claim that the central government sent the Pakistan army, which allegedly forced Mir Ahmed Yar Khan to give up his state, Kalat. Kalat was a landlocked British protectorate that comprised roughly 22%–23% of Baluchistan. Mir Ahmed Yar Khan signed an accession agreement ending Kalats de facto independence. His brother, Prince Abdul Karim Khan, was a powerful governor of a section of Kalat, a position that he was removed from after accession. He decided to initiate an insurgency against Pakistan. On the night of May 16, 1948 Prince Abdul Karim Khan initiated a separatist movement against the Pakistani government. He conducted guerrilla warfare based in Afghanistan against the Pakistan army. 2. Second conflict 1958–59 (led by Nawab Nowroz Khan) Nawab Nowroz Khan took up arms in resistance to the One Unit policy, which decreased government represenation for tribal leaders. He and his followers started a guerrilla war against Pakistan. Nowroz Khan and his followers were charged with treason and arrested and confined in Hyderabad jail. Five of his family members (sons and nephews) were subsequently hanged under charges of aiding murder of Pakistani troops and treason. Nawab Nowroz Khan later died in captivity. 3. Third conflict 1963–69 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri) After the second conflict, the Federal government sent the Army to build new military bases in the key conflict areas of Baluchistan in order to resist further chaos. Nawab Khair Baksh marri appointed an unknow shero marri to lead like-minded militants in guerrilla warfare by creating their own insurgent bases spread out over 45,000 miles (72,000 km) of land, from the Mengal tribal area in the south to the Marri and Bugti tribal areas in the north. Their goal was to force Pakistan to share revenue generated from the Sui gas fields with the tribal leaders. The insurgents bombed railway tracks and ambushed convoys. The Army retaliated by destroying vast areas of the Marri tribes land. This insurgency ended in 1969 and the Baloch separatists agreed to a ceasefire. Yahya Khan abolished the One Unit policy. This eventually led to the recognition of Baluchistan as the fourth province of West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan) in 1970, containing all the Baluchistani princely states, the High Commissioners Province and Gwadar, an 800 km2 coastal area purchased by the Pakistani Government from Oman. 4. Fourth conflict 1973–77 (led by Nawab Khair Baksh Marri) Citing treason, President Bhutto dismissed the provincial governments of Baluchistan and NWFP and imposed martial law in those provinces. Dismissal of the provincial governments led to armed insurgency. Khair Bakhsh Marri formed the Baluchistan People’s Liberation Front (BPLF), which led large numbers of Marri and Mengal tribesmen into guerrilla warfare against the central government. According to some authors, the Pakistani military lost 300 to 400 soldiers during the conflict with the Balochi separatists, while between 7,300 and 9,000 Balochi militants and civilians were killed. 5. Fifth conflict 2004 – to date (led by Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri) In 2005, the Baluch political leaders Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti and Mir Balach Marri presented a 15-point agenda to the Pakistan government. Their stated demands included greater control of the provinces resources and a Moratorium on the construction of military bases. On 15 December 2005, Inspector-General of Frontier Corps Maj Gen Shujaat Zamir Dar and his deputy Brig Salim Nawaz (the current IGFC) were wounded after shots were fired at their helicopter in Baluchistan province. The provincial interior secretary later said that both of them were wounded in the leg but both are in stable condition. The two men had been visiting Kohlu, about 220 km (135 miles) south-east of Quetta, when their aircraft came under fire. The helicopter landed safely. In August 2006, Nawab Akbar Khan Bugti, 79 years old, was killed in fighting with the Pakistan Army in which at least 60 Pakistani soldiers and 7 officers were killed. He was charged by Pakistans government of a series of bomb blasts, killings of the people he professed to protect and the rocket attack on the President Pervez Musharraf. In April 2009, Baloch National Movement president Ghulam Mohammed Baloch and two other nationalist leaders (Lala Munir and Sher Muhammad), were seized from a small legal office and were allegedly handcuffed, blindfolded and hustled into a waiting pickup truck which is in still use of intelligence forces in front of their lawyer and neighboring shopkeepers. The gunmen were allegedly speaking in Persian (a national language of neighboring Afghanistan and Iran) Five days later on April 8 their bodies, riddled with bullets were found in a commercial area. The BLA claims Pakistani forces were behind the killings, though international experts have deemed it odd that the Pakistani forces would be careless enough to allow the bodies to be found so easily and light Baluchistan on fire (Herald) if they were truly responsible. The discovery of the bodies sparked â€Å"rioting and weeks of strikes, demonstrations and civil resistance in cities and towns around Baluchistan. On August 12, 2009, Khan of Kalat Mir Suleiman Dawood declared himself ruler of Baluchistan and formally made announcement of a Council for Independent Baluchistan. The Councils claimed domain includes Baloch of Iran, as well as Pakistani Baluchistan, but does not include Afghani Baloch regions,and the Council contains all separatist leaders including Nawabzada Bramdagh Bugti. He claims that the UK had a moral responsibility to raise the issue of Baluchistan’s illegal occupation at international level. Alleged Foreign Support for Baluch rebels Pakistan has repeatedly accused India, and occasionally the U. S. , of supporting the Baluch rebels in order to destabilize the country. India has however categorically denied the allegations on its part, stating that no concrete evidence has been provided. The facts are controversial, but Pakistan still continues to insist. Iran has repeatedly accused America of supporting Jundullah. After his capture, Jundullah leader Abdulmalek Rigi confirmed these allegations. The US has however denied this. However, neutral observers have repeatedly noted that the Baloch nationalist groups are poorly-trained in military tactics and strategy, and are currently outgunned by the Pakistani state. The groups are mainly armed with small non-automatic weapons and AK-47s, which are widely available in Pakistan, and they currently are not skilled at using Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs), which is seen as strong circumstantial evidence that they are not supported by outside powers, contrary to the repeated statements of the Pakistani state. Baluchi rebels in Pakistan are said to receive major support from the Taliban in Afghanistan. In the 1980s the CIA, the Iraqi Intelligence Service, Pakistani Sunni extremist group Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan and the Mujahedin e-Kalq all supported a Baluchi tribal uprising against Iran. Pakistan has also accused India of giving citizenship to senior Balouch SeparatistSelig S. Harrison of the George Soros funded Center for International Policy has been calling for dividing Pakistan and supporting an independent Baluch province as a means to thwart growing relations between Islamabad and Beijing, as Pakistan has given China a base at Gwadar. These views have been separately promoted by Ralph Peters, an zionist strategic affairs analyst and former U. S. Army officer, and an expert on the Middle East and the Islamic world. Projects in Baluchistan Saindak Copper Gold Project: Saindak Copper-Gold Mine is located in Saindak town, district Chaghi Baluchistan, Pakistan. The discovery of copper deposits at Saindak was made in the 1970s in collaboration with a Chinese engineering firm. The Saindak Copper-Gold Project was set up by Saindak Metals Ltd, a company wholly owned by the government of Pakistan, by the end of 1995 at a cost of Rs. 13. 5 billion. Pakistan and China signed a formal contract worth $350 million for development of Saindak Copper-Gold Project.The court must now haul up senior officers of the FC to explain the role it is playing in Baluchistan. However, the Supreme Court alone cannot solve Baluchistan’s problems. The utter lack of confidence the Baloch have in the army and the federal government requires much greater action. Separatist sentiment is now running deep in the province and the provincial government lacks legitimacy because most political figures have boycotted mainstream p olitics. Bringing them back into the fold should be an immediate priority. This would require the army to recede and take a low profile, and an accounting of all those who went missing in the province. Following that, a far greater share in the spoils of Baluchistan’s economic development needs to be given to locals. From the development of a deep-sea port in Gwadar to royalties in mining projects, the Baloch feel they have been deliberately cheated out of profits from their resources. Only after this is rectified, will the separatist parties begin to tone down their

Michael Bleaney Planners and enterprises (5 other sources to choose Lab Report

Michael Bleaney Planners and enterprises (5 other sources to choose from) - Lab Report Example According to Stigler (1951, 187) Adam Smith explains this concept with his famous example of pin-making. If one person were to make pins, he would probably be able to make just one pin in a day. However, if the pin making process is divided into 18 stages and in all 10 workers split these tasks among themselves, each doing just one type of job, together they were able to produce 48000 pins. This is because as the task is divided each labor becomes proficient and specialized in that task as he is concentrating on just one type of work and therefore the human mind discovers the most efficient way of doing that task. Thus with division of labor, there is an increase in the production, skill and efficiency of time giving rise to the invention of machines. However, Adam Smith recognizes the disadvantages of division of labor and says that with specialization, when a man spends his whole life performing a few simple tasks he becomes stupid and ignorant. At the same time however, he also says that division of labor causes inventions and technological advancements. The contradiction is that when the division of labor makes the worker and in turn society as a whole stupid, then how can there be technological advancement and inventions in the same society (Stigler 187-188). Many economists according to Stigler (1951, 189) have held this against Adam Smith and have found his theory to be contradictory. However, upon closer scrutiny we see that when Smith said that the workman who spends his life doing a few simple tasks has no opportunity to implement his understanding and innovations as his work is too mechanical. He has no need to attempt to remove difficulties that never occur. He thus automatically loses the habit of exerting and generally becomes stupid and ignorant. Thus according to Smith his deftness at his own particular work is at the expense

Researsc proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Researsc proposal - Essay Example In line with guiding pediatric nurses, the study will determine the general knowledge and practices of the pediatric nurses within the secondary and tertiary hospitals and provide information with regards to the benefits and consequences of using a pacifier. What are the benefits and consequences of using a pacifier (Non-Nutritive Sucking) in newly born infants? Is there any past researches done on the use of a pacifier to prove that it could reduce the cases of SIDS or its effect on the breastfeeding promotion? When is the best time to use and stop the use of a pacifier? Are all pediatric nurses in different health care setting well knowledgeable about the importance of using a pacifier? Is there a difference between the practices of pediatric nurses when it comes to the use of a pacifier in secondary and tertiary hospitals. Considering the fact that SIDS is still considered as the leading cause of postneonatal infant death within the United States and other countries (Hauck, 2004; Mathews et al., 2002; Malloy and MacDorman, 2005), it is critical to give the readers a better understanding about the causes of SIDS (Baddock et al., 2007) and the importance of non-nutritive sucking in decreasing the cases of SIDS, the literature reviews will discuss about the physiological explanation behind the need of prematurely born infants to be fed through a tube inserted in the nose up to the stomach (gavage feeding), the adverse effect of using a pacifier (Hauck, Omojokun, and Siadaty, 2005); and how the use of a pacifier can be used in training the infant to coordinate sucking, swallowing and breathing. (Pinelli and Symington, 2007) In line with exploring the benefits of the using a pacifier (non-nutritive sucking), its role in keeping the rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) low will be elaborated. (Heinig and Baňelos, 2006; Hauck, Omojokun, and Siadaty, 2005) The possible causes of SIDS will also be

Love Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love - Article Example Based on the new ability to scan the brain, researchers have developed new theories about language acquisition that focus on â€Å"critical windows of learning† (Wasserman, 2007). This theory that emphasizes critical windows of learning states that children’s brains can learn certain skills, such as language, only during short windows of time. Once the window has closed, the child cannot learn that skill. Wasserman argues that educators must embrace this new research in order to address the needs of at-risk students. Though Wasserman acknowledges that this research is still being debated, she believes that educators should use the theory just as educators in the past used the research of Piaget, Skinner, and others before it was officially accepted. Classroom accommodations that Wasserman emphasizes are using neuroscience to identify at-risk students. Once a brain scan identifies a student, the educator should use the critical windows of learning to identify what the child has learned and is capable of learning. Additionally, she calls for educators to use brain-based research to change the way they teach. In her words, â€Å"Sequential knowledge is harder for the brain to process. Nonlinear learning in bits and pieces is easier for the brain to process† (Wasserman, 2007). Public education classrooms focus entirely on sitting in a desk and learning knowledge sequentially. Educators should adopt teaching that allows for nonlinear learning. In other words, the classroom that Wasserman envisions does not have students all sitting quietly at a desk listening to the teacher. Instead, it is a classroom that is full of energy where students are learning and discovering as their brains lead them. Wasserman’s article covered the basics of brain-based research in a method and language that was easy to understand. Since the audience is public educators, language that is too complex would be detrimental to her purpose as an educator would not read