Strategic Human Resource Management Practices - 2365 Words

STRATEGIC HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT: Strategic human resource is a technique allowing business to manage their human resources by giving entity the imperative structure to achieve future objectives and aims. Focusing on continual issues relating to employees, values, structure, culture, commitment and maintaining resources in an organisation. It is also defined as the direction and scope of organization over longer term, which ideally matches its resources to its changing environment, and in particular, to its markets, customers and clients to meet stakeholder expectations. (Johnson, G and Scholes, K 1993. Exploring corporate strategy, prentice hall, Hemel Hempstead. BOOK, Human resource management practice). HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT:†¦show more content†¦The HR strategy forms the basis for it. (http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/hrm-at-tescos-tarmac-and-scottish-power-business-essay.php) IMPORTANCE OF HRM IN SCOTTISH POWER: For Scottish power employees are the assets or most important resource. The purpose of HRM in Scottish power is to handle affairs or issues regarding employees as it known to be driven by technical competence of individuals. It involves placing of individuals on unengaged positions, for recruiting and selection process taking into account appropriate qualification and skills. The organisation is putting emphases on fair and unbiased treatment among all the individuals of the company regardless of gender, age, race and disability. (http://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/hrm-at-tescos-tarmac-and-scottish-power-business-essay.php) B. (AC1.3) ANALYSIS OF THE FRAMEWORK OF STRATEGIC HRM OF TARMAC: Tarmac is UK based company that came into operational existence in 1903 and deals in supplying of building material and aggregates to the building industry. They have been dealing in building projects and construction of roads. They have TARMAC UK and TARMAC international. Tarmac UK is looking after two different businesses i.e. Tarmac LTD extracts key building aggregate and Tarmac building products LTD converting raw materials

Alton Towers Recovering from a Damaged Reputation - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 8 Words: 2331 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Public Relations Essay Type Case study Did you like this example? Introduction Over the last decade, there has been a drastic change in the way in which consumers communicate with brands (Giannini, 2011). Instead of one-way communication in which companies present unsolicited information about brands and products through advertisements and promotion messages in the market place, they seek information when they are ready to participate in a dialogue and become part of a mutually beneficial community comprising of marketers and consumers (Giannini, 2011). Public relations is the field which emphasises the importance of two way brand relationship using both traditional and new media channels (Butterick, 2011). Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Alton Towers: Recovering from a Damaged Reputation" essay for you Create order This essay focuses upon how Alton Towers Resorts can use the aspects of public relations as part of its marketing efforts to recover its damaged reputation which has caused it a significant loss in revenue due to the crash of Smiler roller-coaster in 2015. Significance of Trust Developing trust with the consumers contributes towards sustaining a needed market share and profitability in the long term (Giannini, 2011). Enhanced consumer trust in brands also contributes towards generating greater consumer satisfaction market place (Giannini, 2011). Alton Towers, which is the UKs most favourite and number one theme park (BBC, 2015), has enjoyed good consumer trust for years. Alton Towers has always taken the health and safety of its guests very seriously and consequently it has the best health and safety records among all the theme parks in the UK (Layton, 2015). All its rides are subject to thorough safety assessments undertaken by specialist maintenance engineers in line with strict procedures (Layton, 2015). The company also undertakes training of its employees and conducts regular health and safety audits (Layton, 2015). It has an excellent first aid care service and an on-site responder team trained by West Midlands Ambulance Service (Layton, 2015). Resu ltantly, the company delivers 12.6 million individual rides every season (Layton, 2015). However, the reputation of Alton Towers following the accident of its Smiler roller-coaster ride in June 2015 has been damaged significantly. The accident resulted in several people being seriously injured and led to the temporary closure of the theme park (BBC, 2015). The accident had an adverse effect on its trading at the beginning of an important summer season (Schram, 2015). The company estimated that its half-year profit is expected to drop between 43%-54% from last years ÂÂ £87m to ÂÂ £40m-ÂÂ £50m this year (Schram, 2015). The suspension of market activity across all the other visitors attractions owned by Merlin the owner of Alton Towers also had a strong negative impact on the sales (Schram, 2015). Public Relations Strategy In order to recover the damaged reputation of the brand, Alton Towers needs to deploy a public relations campaign to engage with the public rather than run a marketing campaign. Public relations campaign enable organisations to respond to a business challenges such as the one faced by Alton Towers in the aftermath of Smiler roller-coaster accident rather than simply produce favourable media coverage. Smith (2013) asserts that public relations theories primarily identify a four-phase process for devising and implementing a public relations campaign. Public relations theorists have summarised these as: (1) the RACE acronym (research, actions, communication and evaluation); (2) the ROPE acronym (research, objectives, planning, and evaluation); (3) and the RAISE acronym (research, action, implementation, strategy, evaluation) (Kendall, 1997; Hendrix and Hayes, 2010). All these theories revolve around the basic four-phase model which involves (1) analysing the environment, (2) identif ication of audiences and objectives, (3) development of a strategic approach and (4) development of the implementation plan (Smith, 2013). Smith (2013) has combined all these theories to offer a comprehensive strategic planning framework for public relations campaign comprising of the above four basic phases. It is as follows: Formative Research Analysing the situation Analysing the organisation Analysing the publics Strategy Establishing goals and objectives Formulating action and response strategies Developing the message strategy Tactics Selecting communication tactics Implementing the strategic plans Evaluating Research Evaluating the strategic plan (Smith, 2013 p.16) Formative Research In the above, the background of the company and the situation and its impact upon the image of the brand and its revenue has briefly analysed. Therefore, it is now imperative to analyse the publics or the stakeholders that are to be affected by the public relations campaign. The identification of the publics will enable the marketers to select a suitable channel of media to best engage the audience (Baines, et al. 2007). Publics are defined as a group of people having a common interest and values in a particular situation (Reddi, 2009). In public relations, publics are a group of persons, especially one that is interested in or affected by an action or an idea of an organisation (Reddi, 2009 p. 68). In this instance, publics comprise of all the active audience who are connected, however loosely, by some common concern which has consequences for Alton Towers (Hallahan, 2000; Reddi, 2009). Public relations theorists have identified a basic set of publics or stakeholders which are applicable to most organisations. For instance, Baines, et al (2007) have identified the following groups of publics: Employees Potential Employees Suppliers of goods Distributors Customers Financial markets Opinion leaders and formers The community Other publics Reddi (2009) has identified some additional groups as: Media public International public Friedman (2006) further adds the following stakeholders: Competitors Government, regulators and policy makers From these groups of publics, the main focus of Alton Towers public relations campaign should be the external stakeholders from the general population, such as the (1) community, (2) customers (individuals, companies, schools, etc.), (3) media public, (4) financial markets (including investors) (5) opinion leaders and formers (5) other publics such as those affected by the accident, and (6) government and policy makers. The reason behind this selection is that apart from the recent Smiler roller-coaster accident, Alton Towers has one of the best track record of ensuring safety and health which is presumably well recognised by the internal stakeholders such as employees, distributors, suppliers, etc. The current challenge pertains to regain the trust of external public within the wider population, which has been distorted by the increased focus of commentators on a single incident. In order to make the campaign most effective, Alton Towers should prioritise its publics if in case it is faced by the constraints of budgets and resources. Prioritising the public can help a company to run an effective campaign even within a tight budget (Baines, et al. 2007). The publics of Alton Towers can be prioritised through the power/interest matrix. Level of Interest Low High Power Low Category A Minimal Effort Supplier Distributors Employees Competitors Category B Keep Informed Media public Potential employees Financial markets High Category C Keep Satisfied Opinion leaders Community Category D Key Players Customers Other publics Strategy The second phase of the public relations campaign relates to formulating objectives, actions and message strategy. Pople and Turnbull, (2012), state that effective objectives should be SMART that is, specific, measurable, achievable, resourced and time-based. Furthermore, these objectives can be cognitive, affective and/or conative (Lantos, 2010). Cognitive objectives are those that relate to creating awareness about something and encourage people to think. Affective objectives are those that shape the attitude, opinion or feeling of the publics about an issue. Conative objectives encourage the audiences to act in a certain way (Lantos, 2010) (see figure 1). Figure 1 (Source: Lantos, 2010 p. 503) In order to overcome the challenge pertaining to the reputation of Alton Towers, the company can combine a set of cognitive, affective and conative SMART objectives for its public relations campaign. These are as follows: To enhance the awareness of the health and safety measures undertaken by the company in the UK by May 2016 to achieve a 50% growth in sales in the following summer season This is a cognitive objective aimed at encouraging the target audience to be assured that a trip to Alton Towers is safe and that the company takes every measure humanly possible to avert any untoward incident Rebuild the trust of public in thrill rides at visitors attractions and theme. Change the attitude of at least 100,000 members of the publics by May, 2016. This is an affective objective aimed at regaining the trust of skeptical people in thrill rides and its safety standards at Alton Towers. To generate the positive feedback of at least 100,000 people about the support provided by Alton Towers to those affected and physically impaired by incidents at Alton Towers and built an Alton Towers Cares image in the eyes of public. This is a conative objective which will encourage the public to provide their feedback over different forms of social media regarding Alton Towers pledges to support those affected by its rides. The message strategy of Alton Towers should be to convey that it is most committed to ensuring safety and health of its guests and that is does not leave any stone unturned in this regard. Acknowledging that accidents do occur in even in the safest environments, the company is very sympathetic towards those affected by its operations in case of any untoward incident. Tactics Once the objectives, actions and message strategy has been finalised, the next step is to determine the tactics through which the public relations campaign will contact and convince the target audiences. This entails choosing the most appropriate channel of communication through which to contact each of the target public (Gregory, 2010). Gregory (2010) asserts that the set of tactics used in any public relations campaign should engage the right number of public and get the desired message across to them in a reasonable cost. Out of the many tactics identified in the literature, the ones related to media relations , customer relations, community relations, and government relations are most suitable to the current campaign. Media Relations Marketing communications literature identifies several tactics for communicating a brands message to its target audience. Within these tactics, the ones related to media relations include press and video releases (Fill, 2011). Alton Towers should prepare and distribute a press/video release showcasing the preparations it makes for safety and health, training provided to its staff in this regard and the readiness of the company to overcome any untoward incidences to establish that the resort is a safe place for visitors. This tactic will cover the cognitive aspect of Alton Towers public relations campaign. The company can also inform the general public through media regarding its pledges for the support of the affected people. Customer Relations For managing customer relations, Alton Towers can utilise marketing communication tactics such as advertising, internet, social networks, new letters, direct mail, and media relations tactics (Fill, 2011). Advertisements: Celebrities endorsement Alton Towers can engage with celebrities and opinion leaders to visit the resort and project their endorsement through advertisements over television and social media to make consumers feel that a trip to Alton Towers is safe for themselves and their families. Social Media Alton Towers can arrange for celebrities and opinion leaders to post their photos of visits to the resort over social media. This tactic will cover the affective aspect of Alton Towers public relations campaign. Community Relations For community relations, direct involvement is the most effective marketing communication tactics (Fill, 2011). Direct Involvement Alton Towers can invite groups from local communities such as companies, schools and institutions to visit the resort and directly observe its commitment to safety and health. It is important to engage these groups to regain their trust in Alton Towers safety measures because these group are often conduct risks assessments before making any bookings at resorts such as Alton Towers. Government Relations Messages can be communicated to governments through official publications such as background material, literature and group briefings (Fill, 2011). Alton Towers can publish reports and literature about its safety procedures and measures to avert incidents; publish inquiry reports to ascertain the causes on any incidents for any concerned government department and regulatory bodies to ensure transparency for its operations and compliance with industry standards. Evaluation The last phase of the public relations campaign relates to evaluation of the strategies and tactics employed in the campaign to determine whether the stated objectives have been achieved (Michaelson and Stacks, 2011; Smith, 2013). The provisions of the SMART objectives have already provided measures to assess the success of the strategies and tactics. The success of this current public relations campaign will be measured against the achievement of a 50% growth in sales in the upcoming summer season in the year 2016; a positive change in attitude of at least 100,000 visitors towards thrill rides during the same period, and receiving at least 100,000 positive feedback for the companys support efforts for the affected people over various forms of social media. Conclusion The above public relations campaign can be effective in rebuilding the companys damaged reputations in the eyes of public following the accident of Smiler roller-coaster ride in June 2015. This public relations campaign can work hand in glove with Alton Towers marketing efforts to regain its lost market share and levels of profitability. References Baines, P., Egan, J and Jefkins, F. (2007) Public Relations. Oxford: Routledge. BBC (2015). Alton Towers rollercoaster crash causes Merlin profit warning. Available from https://www.bbc.com/news/business-33672357 Butterick, K (2011). Introducing Public Relations: Theory and Practice. London:Sage. Fill, C. (2011) Essentials of Marketing Communications, Harlow: FT Prentice Hall Friedman, A.L. and Miles, S. (2006). Stakeholders: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press Giannini, G. (2011). Marketing Public Relations. New Delhi: Dorling Kindersley. Gregory, A. (2013). Planning and Managing Public Relations Campaigns: A Strategic Approach. London: Kogan Page Publisher Hallahan, K. (2000) Inactive Publics: The Forgotten Publics in Public Relations. Public Relations Review 26(4): 499-515 Hendrix, J. and Hayes, D. (2010). Public relations cases (8Th ed.). Belmont: Thomson Learning. Kendall, R. (1997). Public Relations Campaign Strategies. New York: Addison-We sley. Lantos, G (2010). Consumer Behavior in Action. New York: M E Sharpe Layton, J (2015). Thirty accidents at Alton Towers in three years, figures reveal. Birmingham Mail. Available from https://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/thirty-accidents-alton-towers-three-9397443 Michaelson, D and Stacks, D. (2011). Standardization in public relations measurement and evaluation. Public Relations Journal, 5, 7-8. Pople, A. and Turnbull, S. (2012). Advertising and Public Relations. Pearson, Harlow. Reddi, N. (2009). Effective Public Relations and Media Strategy. New Dehli: PHI Learning. Schram, B (2015). Alton Towers crash: Smiler ride accident dents Merlins sales. International Business Times. Available from https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/alton-towers-crash-smiler-ride-accident-dents-merlins-sales-1520075 Smith, R. (2013). Strategic Planning for Public Relations. New York: Routledge

The Physics Of Roller Coasters - 1209 Words

Ever since the first commercial roller coaster was built in the United States in 1884, roller coasters have been seen in amusement parks all around the world. These rides, seen in all shapes and sizes, are widely recognized for their thrills. At sudden twists and turns, riders experience large levels of excitement. But what makes a roller coaster so exciting? The answer is physics. In the process of designing roller coasters, engineers use concepts such as Newton’s three laws of motion to make loops, corkscrews, hills, and jumps possible. How these concepts are put to work can be seen in examples of roller coasters throughout history. The first forms of the roller coaster were seen in St. Petersburg, Russia as early as the 1600s. Piles of ice were built about 70 feet high, and thrillseekers would slide down wooden, icy ramps built on these Russian â€Å"mountains†. Catherine the Great, whose reign of Russia lasted from 1762 to 1796, boosted this custom when she had wheels placed on her sleigh for summer use. Eventually, a French traveler introduced this Russian tradition to France. The French learned to build a track with a groove down the middle for use in a warmer climate than Russia. French thrillseekers would then fit a bench with wheels on the groove and proceed to coast down the track sideways. The major reason roller coasters are known for their thrills is because of physics. Physics is the science of matter and energy and their interactions. In the earlyShow MoreRelatedRoller Coaster Physics1483 Words   |  6 PagesIndividuals love to go to the amusement parks and try out the rides that are available. The most common and thrilling ride is the roller coaster. An amusement park is not an amusement park if it does not contain a roller coaster. What makes these roller coasters so fun that every amuse parks has one. 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Our group divided the work by, assigning people jobs, then switching after a while. An example of that some people would score and other group members would fold, or some would build and others would test, and we took turns switching jobs. SomethingRead MoreThe Structure Of Roller Coasters1038 Words   |  5 Pages The structure of roller coasters present many factors in physics and in engineering, engineers must contain an abundance of knowledge and research in order to assure the safety and the structure as a whole. AAPT needs entries at their annual roller coaster competition that include the use of only gravity to get from the beginning to the end of the track, so a structure will be built to present overall knowledge on kinetic and potential energy, as well as calculations. Relating to other fields, this

Essay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research

The topic of stem cells can become a very controversial subject in the scientific research world. Stem cells serve as an internal repair system to restore other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. By doing so, many fatal and untreatable diseases such as leukemia and Parkinson’s would be able to be treated and cured. The origination of stem cells is what stirs up great controversy across the nation and among the world. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells: embryonic stem cells and non-embryonic or â€Å"adult† stem cells. Embryonic stem cells are derived from embryos, as their name suggests, therefore many believe this is morally and ethically wrong. Stem cells have the ability to develop†¦show more content†¦One of the fundamental properties of a stem cell is that it does not have any tissue-specific structures that allow it to perform specialized functions, making it unspecialized. A cell undergoes differen tiation which is when unspecialized stem cells give rise to specialized cells. While differentiating, the cell undergoes several stages, becoming more specialized at each step (Stem Cell Basics, 2009). There is significant difference between adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells. Adult stem cells only generate the cell types of the tissue in which they reside. Scientists have found stem cells in many more tissues in the recent years than they ever thought possible. Stem cells from bone marrow have been used for transplants for over 40 years, but researchers have now found that stem cells also exist in the brain and heart. Adult stem cells are rare in mature tissues, so isolating these cells from adult tissues can be challenging. They are also currently believed to be less likely to initiate rejection after transplantation than embryonic stem cells. This is because the patient’s own stem cells and tissues are being reintroduced into the patient, therefore they are less lik e to be rejected by the immune system (Top 10). On the other hand, embryonic stem cells are mostly derived from embryos that have been fertilized in vitro and are then donated to research with the consent of the donor. These stem cells can become all cellShow MoreRelatedThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStates, research has become a viable tool for sustaining and prolonging human life. As research evolves, it brings along with it much controversy, especially where stem cell research is involved. Stem cell research can bring new insight to today’s medical field. This may be the way of finding solutions concerning many health injuries and diseases which would diversely be thought of as implausible. 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Very few other areas of research have received this much attention from the media, political leaders and various groups and organizations from around the nation. The responsiveness to this issue has been incredible because of the potential of these studies as well as the most controversial aspect of the research; Essay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Stem Cell Research Should stem cell research be allowed? Stem cell research has been a major biological breakthrough in recent years. It has great potential to help people and ease suffering. But there is also a moral question raised about stem cell research, and that comes from the source of stem cells. Ever since Stem Cell research started, there has been much debate over whether or not it should be allowed. Some people are completely against stem cell research because the stem cells are often taken from aborted pregnancies, they consider it murder. While others want stem cell research to continue because it can help ease peoples suffering and cure disease. There are already certain restrictions†¦show more content†¦These cells were used for in virtro, and when no longer needed were given to researchers. Stem cells in the Foetus are the origin of specialized cell types that make up the lungs, heart, liver and other tissue. Adult stem cells in some tissue such as muscle tissue are there to replace cells lost from disease injury and wear and tear. Scientists are more interested in embryonic stem cells then adult stem cells because they are grown easily in laboratories and seem to be able to become any kind of cell. Adult stem cells can only generate cells of the tissue they reside in, so for example nerve stem cells can only produce nerve cells and would not be able to make blood cells. Many scientists predict in the future stem cells may be able to treat diseases like Diabetes and Parkinsons disease. Stem cells have caused a lengthy morale debate worldwide. When discussing the impact of stem cell research there are two ways it can be seen. First of all there is the side for stem cell research; stem cells have the ability to help cure certain disease and also help repair damaged organs and thus the potential to save lives and alleviate pain, they also have other potential benefits. On the other hand stem cells are often taken from embryos and foetuses which many people consider immoral because the embryos and foetuses are being robbedShow MoreRelatedThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1043 Words   |  5 PagesStates, research has become a viable tool for sustaining and prolonging human life. As research evolves, it brings along with it much controversy, especially where stem cell research is involved. Stem cell research can bring new insight to today’s medical field. This may be the way of finding solutions concerning many health injuries and diseases which would diversely be thought of as implausible. Thoughts can be influenced by Deborah White, in Pros Cons of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, â€Å"EmbryonicRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay787 Words   |  4 PagesThe Controversy Over Stem Cell Research In a lab at the University of California, a scientist carefully isolates several cells and locates them to a petry dish. A few days later, he returns to find the cells pulsating like a human heart (Gorman 58). This account has actually been occurring at several scientific labs across the nation. These cells, known as stem cells, produce nearly all the other cells and tissues found in the human body (Sobel Sep 4, 22). Intensive research has found that whenRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2353 Words   |  10 PagesThe Moral Debate over Stem Cell Research President George W. Bush looked stern and confident as he addressed the American people on August 9th, 2001. It was an historic day for the 43rd president, as he explained the debate surrounding embryonic stem cell research, including its possible benefits for science but also its problems surrounding morals and ethics. â€Å"The issue is debated within the church, with people of different faiths, even many of the same faith coming to different conclusionsRead MoreEssay on The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research2589 Words   |  11 Pagesof stem cells can become a very controversial subject in the scientific research world. Stem cells serve as an internal repair system to restore other cells as long as the person or animal is still alive. By doing so, many fatal and untreatable diseases such as leukemia and Parkinson’s would be able to be treated and cured. The origination of stem cells is what stirs up great controversy across the nation and among the world. Until recently, scientists primarily worked with two kinds of stem cells:Read MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesStem Cell Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of stem cell research does not affect me so much at the moment. It might in the future, but for now it does not. I do believe that stem cell research should be used for cloning organs that will be used for organ transplants. I do not however think that parents should place the doctors on pedestals just because these â€Å"mad scientists† supposedly have the power of God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The topic of heated debate does intrigue me, but not to the point as to where I would makeRead More The Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay3495 Words   |  14 PagesEmbryonic Stem Cell Research Stem cells are the newest hot topic in biological research. Very few other ongoing areas of research have been the focus of numerous articles, Presidential and Congressional scrutiny, and numerous ethical debates played out in the national media. This ongoing focus on stem cells is due in part to their amazing potential and in part to the controversial nature of one type of stem cell—the embryonic stem cell. The key question that is being dealt with is the issueRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay1477 Words   |  6 PagesStem Cells Few scientific issues in recent years have managed to draw as much attention, both scientific and otherwise, than stem cell research. I was first introduced to the term ‘stem cells’ when I was in high school, and since then, I have had a keen interest in the direction science is taking them. When considering medical research as a whole, stem cells appear to have the makings of a 21st century medical revolution a la discovery of antibiotics . The open-ended nature of stems cells hasRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2717 Words   |  11 PagesStem Cell Research - Embryonic Stem Cell Use Controversial Despite the strong consensus in America against creating embryos to destroy them, those actually involved in embryo research no longer see any serious ethical problem in it. Now the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM) says that ASRMs ethical guidelines permit the creation of human embryos to destroy them. Some even argue that such research is morally superior to the use of spare embryos, because the egg and sperm donorsRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay2103 Words   |  9 Pages(Engebreston, 2006). In today’s world medical research and technology is rapidly changing and there are increasing ethical conflicts between science and religion particularly with the recent harvest and research of embryonic stem cells. The use of embryonic stem cells has been described by â€Å"Chris McDonald, stem cell research centre, 2008† as one of the most significant breakthroughs of this century in biomedicine. The focus question within this rese arch assignment is, it is right to regard an embryoRead MoreThe Heated Debate Concerning Stem Cell Research Essay examples1237 Words   |  5 PagesStem Cell Research Extraordinary advances in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of human diseases is believed, by many experts, to lie behind the curtain of stem cell research. Very few other areas of research have received this much attention from the media, political leaders and various groups and organizations from around the nation. The responsiveness to this issue has been incredible because of the potential of these studies as well as the most controversial aspect of the research;

Mexico and Argentina have the commonality of export economies Free Essays

string(89) " peasants with any means of getting loans from the bank, seeds, tools, or modernization\." 1. Mexico and Argentina have the commonality of export economies. In other words, the rich and the poor alike relied on the exportation of agricultural goods to foreign markets. We will write a custom essay sample on Mexico and Argentina have the commonality of export economies or any similar topic only for you Order Now This type of economy places heavy emphasis on the large plantation, or hacienda. Because of the latifundia being equivalent to a hacienda, a lot of money was needed to run and manage it. Of coarse, the latifundia’s earnings greatly surpassed that of the mere plantation, making the rich even richer. For these reasons, â€Å"the political and social structures of both countries were conditioned by the mode of production of the latifundia. Mexican history reveals this trend in economic activity. During the reign of Diaz, the country opened up new markets for its mineral and agricultural products and brought new land under cultivation. Concentration of land ownership during the Porfiriato, coupled with the loss of communal holdings, made it difficult for people to practice subsistence agriculture. Diaz favored the rich owners of large estates, increasing their properties by allowing them to absorb communal lands that belonged to Native Americans. Many landless peasants fell into debt peonage, a system of economic servitude in which workers became indebted to their employers for both money and supplies and were forced to labor in mines or plantations until the debt was paid. By 1910 some 90 percent of the rural inhabitants of central Mexico were landless. Under Diaz, a two-tier society emerged, as those able to take advantage of modernization became rich and the poor sank further into poverty. As many rural inhabitants and Native Americans lost land to large commercial interests, agricultural workers failed to secure a reasonable share of the nation’s growing wealth. Moreover, agricultural production of staples for internal consumption dropped as agricultural exports reduced food stocks. Corn and beans, the core of the lower-class diet, had to be imported. Periodic food riots occurred throughout the country. In 1905, the government sold food at subsidized prices, and in 1909 it opened 50 subsidized food stores in Mexico City. When Madero adopted a cautious policy on land reform, Zapata revolted and issued his Plan of Ayala in November 1911. The proclamation called for the immediate transfer of land to peasant farmers and insisted on the right of Mexican citizens to choose their own leaders. Zapata actually stated, â€Å"†¦ that the lands, I mount and waters that have usurped the landowners, scientists or caciques in the shade of the venal justice, will of coarse enter possession of those real estate, the towns or citizens who have their titles, corresponding to those properties, of which they have been undressed by bad faith of our opresors, †¦ that they settle down to the triumph of the Revolution. † This quote supports the fact that Diaz favored the cientificos and the caciques in the distribution of land. He would sell this â€Å"unowned† land to them for cheap, and they would make sure that Diaz profited well from the deal, showing support for his conservative ways and assuring protection of their investments. After his election, Cirdenas moved to reduce the role of the army in Mexican politics, and emphasized land reforms (returning land to the peasants), social welfare, and education. This is ironic because of Cirdenas’s past, being a great landowner who had once served Diaz. (As it turns out, he became the first chief of the revolution before his presidency. Cirdenas established a reputation as a revolutionary reformer. By the end of his term, one-third of the country’s population had received land, usually as a member of a communal farm known as an ejido. However, Mexican governments post 1940 rejected the ejido system, which caused a parallel growth of large landed property, leading to the emergence of a new latifundia. Beginning with Cirdenas, attempts to expand the economic focus from and agricultural-based economy to and economy with other capitalist opportunities is clearly visible. Carranza, whom was essentially a conservative with moderate leadings, called for the election of deputies to a convention that was to frame a new constitution and prepare the way for his election as president. The draft that they came up with did not contemplate a radical agrarian reform. In Article 27, which dealt with property rights, he proclaimed the nation the original owner of all lands, waters, and the subsoil. Also, the state had the power to expropriate them, with compensation to the owners. National ownership of water and the subsoil was inalienable, but individuals and companies could obtain concessions for their exploitation. Foreigners to whom that privilege was granted must agree that they would not invoke the protection of their governments in regard to such concessions. Of prime importance were the same article’s agrarian provisions. It declared that all measures passed since 1856 alienating ejidos were null and void; if the pueblos needed more land, they could acquire it by expropriation from neighboring haciendas. These and other provisions of the constitution of 1917 laid legal foundations for a massive assault on the latifundia. Proof exists that the constitution was not anticapitalist: its sanction and protection of private property; its desire to control foreign enterprises, rather than eliminate them, creating more favorable conditions for the development of capitalism. During November of 1920, Obregin becomes president; the next 80 years will be more corrupt and inquisitive than anyone in Diaz’s regime. Power under Obregin’s reign, in comparison to Diaz’s, was held by a ruling class of wealthy generals, capitalists, and landlords. Obviously, Obregin pretended to be a conservative, but was truly moderate. He regarded agrarian reform as a safety valve for peasant discontent, and even distributed some land to the pueblos. He distributed 3 million acres of land to the people. Of coarse, the good land was given to the latifundias, and the marginal land to the peasants. Even after a village had received land, its prospect for success was poor. The government failed to provide the peasants with any means of getting loans from the bank, seeds, tools, or modernization. You read "Mexico and Argentina have the commonality of export economies" in category "Papers" Industry occurred only on the latifundias because that is where the money was. This was the same reason that latifundia owners were granted loans; they had the money to pay them back. The Labor and Agrarian Party did manage to slow down land reform. The delayed large landowners sued to prevent land distribution. Calles, Obregin’s handpicked successor, also neglected to provide the peasantry with irrigation, fertilizer, tools, or seed. He established a government bank that was supposed to lend money to the ejidos, promote modern farming techniques, and act as agents for the sale of their produce. But four-fifths of the bank’s resources were loaned not to ejidos, but to haciendados with much superior credit ratings, and many of the bank’s agents took advantage of their position to enrich themselves at the expense of the peasants. Land reform had failed once again†¦ big surprise. Calles concluded that peasant proprietorship was economically undesirable, and announced the abandonment of land distribution. Meanwhile, on his own large estates, Calles introduced machinery and other modern agricultural techniques and advised other large landowners do the same. Finally, Cirdenas, a self-proclaimed liberal, resumed the ignored Revolution. Land distribution to the villages on a massive scale was accompanied by a many-sided effort to raise agricultural productivity and improve the quality of rural life. Labor was encouraged to replace the old, corrupt leadership with militant leader and to struggle for the improved conditions that were denied in the past. Land was distributed to the peasantry in a variety of ways, according to the climatic soil conditions of the different regions. The principal form was the ejido, the communal landholding system under which land could not be mortgaged or alienated, with each ejidatario entitled to use a parcel of community land. The ejido was the focal point of agrarian reform, but land was also distributed in the forms of the rancho and the collective ejidos. Surprisingly, the government generously endowed these enterprises with seeds, machinery, and credit for the Banco de Cridito Ejidal. In 1822, hoping to raise revenue and increase production, Rivadavia, chief minister under Martin Rodriguez, governor of the province of Buenos Aires, introduced the system of emphyteusis, a program of distribution of public lands through long-term leases at fixed rentals. This measure actually contributed to the growth of the latifundia. Argentina had to meet the steadily mounting European demand for Argentine wheat and meat, the Conquest of the Desert triggered the driving of land prices ever higher, due to increased land speculation, and caused a prodigious expansion of cattle raising and agriculture. This expansion took place under the sign of the latifundia. Few of the millions of Italian and Spanish immigrants who entered Argentina in this period realized the common dream of becoming independent small landowners. Argentina, although far more industrialized to begin with, was also dependent upon an export economy. In fact, Argentina’s dynamic economic development during the latter 19th century and early 20th century was particularly due to the influx of large quantities of foreign investment capital, which went to put more land under cultivation. Another factor of economic development at that time was the inflow of millions of immigrants, who provided cheap labor for the expanding agricultural sector. Argentina’s prosperity, at that time, depended on its ability to export huge amounts of agricultural commodities, to import the manufactured goods it required, and to attract a steady stream of large-scale foreign investment. Every sector of the Argentine economy depended on exports. In contrast to Mexico, however, Argentina raises enough agricultural products not only to fill domestic needs but also to export surpluses to foreign markets. Agriculture and livestock raised employment levels 35 percent. The nation’s greatest agricultural area, the Pampas, exported 70 percent of its production (including wheat and cereal grains). Irrigated areas, from the Rio Negro north through Mendoza, San Juan, Tucumin, and San Salvador de Jujuy, are rich sources of fruit, sugarcane, and wine grapes. The export economy had other major exports besides agricultural goods, which placed less emphasis on the latifundia. Argentine industry centered on food processing and mainly meat packaging. Around 1935, foodstuff processing accounted for 47 percent of all industrial production, and textiles for another 20 percent. The transportation industry handled mostly export commodities, through their railroads and coastal shipping. In addition to large numbers of farm laborers, many urban and industrial workers depended on the exports for their jobs. The major trade and industrial unions in Argentina arose in the industries of coastal shipping, railroads, dock work, and packinghouses, where their well-being would be guaranteed in their control of overseas trade. Because the government relied on revenues derived from the import taxes, significant numbers of white-collared workers and professionals employed by the government also were intimately tied to the export economy. Both the rich and the poor were reliant upon the export economy for their livelihood. The ruling elite was composed of large landowners, who produced almost entirely for the export trade. The upper class acquired its wealth and prestige through its ability to capitalize on opportunities presented by the export economy. Large landowners used the export boom of the last quarter of the 19th century to solidify and enhance its power. The most powerful in the elite was the cattle fatteners, who supplied beef for both the domestic and foreign markets. This inner circle was composed of four hundred families that were closely allied through social clubs and business associations. Geographically, most of the wealth was located in the cattle and cereal regions of the Pampas. From 1880-1912, the elite class that controlled the nation’s land also controlled its politics (hence, the larger land owners, or the latifundia owners, were the most powerful politically during this time period). Later, and urban middle class arose, who was still dependent on the export economy. The lower class, conversely, was divided into two groups: workers and urban marginals. A considerable amount of workers were employed by the railways and in the Port of Buenos Aires. Mexico is still more dependent upon the latifundia system than Argentina, both socially and politically. Argentina has gone further with industrialization, creating more jobs available for the middle and lower classes of their complex class structure. Also, Mexico took much longer to set up their domestic market. By the time they were just beginning to set their goals on producing staples for their own markets, Argentina had a healthy domestic market with plenty of staples for their people. However, both countries tended to rely on exportation as a means of capital for a great deal of time. How to cite Mexico and Argentina have the commonality of export economies, Papers

Promoting Mental Health and Well Being

Questions: 1.Investigate and outline the prevalence/ incidence of depression AND suicide in Australia using current literature. 2.Discuss factors that may have contributed to the persons presentation and mental helth concerns ( 2 factors are identified). 3.Discuss the ethico-legal issues related to your chosen scenario. 4.Identify two nursing/midwifery problems/ risks and rationales, with evidence from your chosen scenario. 5. For each nursing/ midwifery problem/ risk you have identified in Question 4, Outline and describe TWO evidenced based nursing/ midwifery interventions AND rationales for each. Answers: 1. This following report provides a profile of depression to refer various disorders and also supports the condition of Scenario A, through exemplify the links related to the patient Edward. It is imperative to analyse the protective factors that are concerned with the depressed state of mind during the research for depression in Australia. This systematic review over depression in Australia suggests some important factors that are needed to examine the cause of depression. Here the patient known as Edward is a 62 years old man and a proud owner of a small farm in Australia, but the sudden death of his youngest son has exposed his life to depression. Furthermore, his only living son Colin, is not interested in farming and left his family for better life in Sidney. Naturally, the hope gets shattered as he is facing empty-nest syndrome with his wife (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2013). Thus, the report adhered to the common issues related to the geriatric group and correlates the f actors of depression across the nation. The most common mental illness in Australian community is recorded to be depression and anxiety disorder and often, a primary intervention helps to reduce these disorders to get better lifespan. The anxiety syndrome is very common with the patient with depression, but it is important to identify the various highlighted factors that are associated with morbidity and mortality. The reporting items about Edward have provided many significant reasons that are surely caused to depression. According to the researchers (Martin, et al 2010), the most prevalent anxiety disorder is post-traumatic stress disorder in Australia and recorded as (6.4%). In fact, the case study of Edward is the best example of post-traumatic stress disorder, as the unexpected suicide of his youngest son leaves him with no choice for expecting more from life. The other important depressive disorders such as agoraphobia (2.8%), social phobia (social anxiety disorder; 4.7%), obsessivecompulsive disorder (1.9%), panic d isorder (2.6%) and GAD (2.7%) are to be found in Australia. In Australia, the clinical diagnosis of depression has been made on the terms of collective data which signifies numerous signs and syndromes of depression. Presently, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has classified a defined array for depressive disorders, to allow various depression subtypes in Australia, such as: Severe depressive state of mind with psychotic symptoms Moderate and less severe depression but the absence psychotic symptoms State of melancholia 2. It may know to all that depression is a common problem in older group of people, and according to the survey, the patient with depressed conditioning fails to recognise the certain symptoms of depression (Trollor, et al 2007). For example, the life of Edward is quite challenging as he left his hometown Malta for better living. It is quite obvious that people do migrate for having better life and best future for their children, but fails to realise what they actually desire to look forward. The yearn for establishment causes separation from his own parents and his relatives from Malta. Unfortunately, his small family gets smaller due to early demise of his youngest son and abandonment of his older son. Thus, depression is a common phenomenon to be observed in such situation where a man of 62 gets affected and losses his sleep, appetite, interest, relationship and hope. As a matter of fact, (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2000) it is been observed that depression and sadness go ha nd in hand and confuses the treatment procedures. While in this case, it is determined prominently that Edward is facing huge depression and shows lack of energy, low motivation and some physical problems. Some predominant symptoms related to geriatric group are mentioned below: Feelings of helplessness and hopelessness Feelings of despair and Sadness Loss of appetite and Weight loss Unexplained pains and aggravated aches Staying asleep or difficulty falling asleep (Sleep disturbances) Loss of interest in hobbies, work or in socializing Thoughts of suicide or Fixation on death Feelings of worthlessness, or Loss of self-worth Slowed speech movement Memory problems Neglecting personal care Recognising depression in the elderly people is full of uncertainty as they are too rigid to confront and distinguishing between clinical depression and grief is always not easy for the nurses to identify (McKenna, et al 2012). The following case study is one sort of example where grief is the only reason that affects the life of Edward like a roller coaster. The grieving process of Edward consists of variety of emotions with suicidal thought process and loss of happiness. As per the research, it is found that the content of despair has been diluted into his soul forever and constant emptiness has occupied his mind. Having depression in these cases is natural, and there are some significant risks to Edward, as he has lost moments of pleasure and hope for future (Butterworth, et al 2006). 3. For framing discussion, it is imperative to strengthen the topic by incurring ethical issues related to aging and health care. There have been ranges of debate on Health Care and the Aging Population: What Are Today's Challenges? to explode some of the relevant issues focus upon geriatric education, quality of life, successful aging behaviours, frail elder care and long-term care planning. Some imbedded ethical issues do require enhancing the care unit and so the Australian government specifies the ethical tradition of nursing to strengthen their culture of enduring, self-reflective and distinctive (Parker and Evans, 2007). It should be the primary goal for the health department to introduce values, obligations, morality and better understanding of various condition of geriatric syndrome. In many respects, the ALRCs proposal has solved issues that are directly related to ethics and decorum, as they believe that active case management supports the treatment process of the care givers. However, there are three basic ethical principles and they are justice of treatment, respect for persons and beneficence (Mead, et al 2008). Specifically it states that respect for the patient is the most promising aspect of the treatment as elderly people can only absorbs emotional attributes from the concerned person. Thus, it is vital for the nurses to select their choice of words and perspective to get the best care for the elderly ones. Furthermore, researchers have endeavour many such autonomy where protecting the self-determination right is mandatory for providing the best treatment to the patient. Despite a rapid interest in the geriatric problem, most nations have not restricted elderly abuse so far (Osborn, 2003). However, Australian code of law has introduces several privacy Act that regularise health or medical research, thoroughly. There are 95 crucial guidelines that help to develop certain statistical measures in concern for public safety and public health. Some comprehensive legislation is also been introduced to carry out better service to old and despair ones (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2000). It is very natural for the old people to avoid confession of their problem and so prosecution has developed civil laws to encourage older people with all the necessary help to eradicate the geriatric abuse. In this case study, Edward is non cooperative with his care giver (nurse) and provides little information about his state of mind, but as it is mentioned earlier that proper training and education provides Edward all sorts of help to vent out his problem for solvent. Hence, government of Australia has started public awareness campaigns and university courses to inform people regarding the ethical as well legal attributes of geriatric conditions. 4. This chapter provides the interesting aspect for the researchers as it is very difficult to introduce some of the risk taken by the nurses or midwives for treating a patient of depression. To improve the mortality or patient safety, the care giver tries every possible context within the code of ethics and law. However, it is important for the nurse to adopt certain Professional Doctorate route to treat such patient like Edward. As an outline of the present condition of Edward, it is obvious for the nurse to help Edward to communicate all the provided information of his distress. The general research surely asks the risk confronted by the nurse in such condition, and I have already considered some points as subsequent sections to reflect problems faced by the nurses during the intervening process with the patient (Unutzer, 2002). The latest NSW version has imposed strict discipline for nurses to follow and thus, it concretes the idea of risk as a constant challenge for this profess ion, because each patient has following rights that should be performed by the nurses and they are as follows: Right to a written treatment plan Right to confidentiality Right to refuse treatment Right to select health care team members Right to personal mail Right to obtain disability Hence, it is very relevant that a nurse cannot force her patient to obtain certain treatment without his wish and at the same time acknowledgment of right prognosis is a challenging process by the nurse, so Screening for depression and Pharmacological and alternative treatments are some of the risk faced by the nurse during intervention of their patient. It is very important to make a powerful impact on the patient to get an inner understanding of the depression (Clinical Standards Advisory Group, 2000). A proper communication is a much needed measure that can benefits the illness from its root. Here in this case study, Edward has mentioned every possible problems of his health to the appointed nurse, but at the same time feeling distressed and exhausted to communicate at some point of time. Thus, a nurse should realise his limits and try to find out medicinal support for his exhaustion and lack of sleep (Pignone, et al 2002). She cannot force him for any support, as that can aggravate the depressive state of mind. The appointed nurse should always be alert for his mental condition as he has seen losses and has lost all his hope to live. 5. The National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) contributes some important points of risk faced by the nurses during treatment and also supports a vast research on older people during depression screening as the method includes electronic and manual searches. Here in this case, Edward desires to end his life and so it is the duty of the nurse to be watchful and observant over his moves and approaches. A nurse should remember his suicidal tendency before attempting further ailments, as that can beget risks during the treatment and cause a lot of damage to the patient. There are five powerful screening tools used by the nurses to determine the level of depression in the patient, but it is not easy to get followed as most of the patients are elderly and fails to understand the following procedures of treatment Lawrence, et al 2000). There are five screening tools and known as self assessment questionnaires which are self completed. Reasonably, it is difficult to enrol in treating geri atric depression as this particular group do not participate in such kind of measures to get them treated as that involves Patient Health Questionnaire The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) Beck Depression Inventory Zung Self Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) The department of nursing also finds it difficult to introduce alternative treatment such as Pharmacological measures to reduce the symptoms of depression. Here the medicinal treatment do have a lesser impact than counselling process as it is important for the patient to confront their own deal of crisis. The acknowledgment of the cause can reduce the level of depression and here our patient called Edward still has two reasons to live upon: his wife and only living son. It is through counselling, a nurse can enrich psychologically about the better hopes for living, and Edward needs to understand that his son Collin has got the same desire to live like his father, as both of them have left their parents for better living. The patient has got supportive wife and needs to realise her gracious presence, so all these points need to get realised during the treatment without much constraint. References: Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Causes of Death, Australia, 2011. Catalogue No. 3303.0. Belconnen, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Accessed March 15, 2013 Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Op. Cit. Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2000). Suicides, Australia, 1921 to 1998. Catalogue No.3309.0. Belconnen, ACT: Commonwealth of Australia. Accessed December 4, 2012 McKenna, K., Harrison, J. E. (2012). Hospital separations due to injury and poisoning, Australia 2008-09. Injury research and statistics series. No. 65. Cat. INJCAT 141. Canberra, ACT: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Accessed November 23, 2012 Martin, G., Swannell, S., Harrison, J., Hazell, P., Taylor, A. (2010). The Australian National Epidemiological Study of Self-Injury (ANESSI). Brisbane, QLD: Centre for Suicide Prevention Studies. Accessed November 23, 2012 Trollor JN, Anderson TM, et al: Prevalence of mental disorders in the elderly: the Australian national mental health and well-being survey. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2007, 15 (6): 455-466. Kilkkinen A, Kao-Philpot A, et al: Prevalence of psychological distress, anxiety and depression in rural communities in Australia. Aust J Rural Health. 2007, 15 (2): 114-119. Butterworth P, Gill SC, et al: Retirement and mental health: analysis of the Australian national survey of mental health and well-being. Soc Sci Med. 2006, 62 (5): 1179-1191. Lawrence D, Almeida OP, et al: Suicide and attempted suicide among older adults in Western Australia. Psychol Med. 2000, 30 (4): 813-821. Pignone MP et al (2002) Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the US preventative services task force. Annals of Internal Medicine; 136: 10, 765-776. Osborn PJ et al (2003) Performance of a single screening question for depression in a representative sample of 13,670 people aged 75 and over in the UK: Results from the MRC trial of assessment and management of older people in the community. Family Practice; 20: 6, 682-684. Mead GE et al (2008) Exercise for depression. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008. Issue 4. Art. No. CD004366. Clinical Standards Advisory Group (2000) Services for People with Depression: A Summary of the CSAG Report on Services for People with Depression. London: DH. Unutzer J et al (2002) Collaborative care management of late-life depression in the primary care setting. Journal of the American MedicalAssociation; 288: 22, 2836-2487. Australian Law Reform Commission, Managing Justice: A Review of the Civil Justice System, Report 89 (2000), Rec 27. C Parker and A Evans, Inside Lawyers Ethics (2007), 89.